Latin America PERSIAN Chart
(Post-Modern)
by Lauren Blumenfeld
Political
Mexico-
•Francisco Madero planned to run against Porfirio Diaz; he wanted modest democratic political reforms to lift social tensions and let government continue developing its economy with little political disturbance; Diaz did not like this and had Madero arrested; Diaz put back in power by manipulated election; Madero was let out of prison later and called for a revolt
•small farmers, cowboys, and railroaders in the north came together under Pancho Villa; in the south, a guerrilla movement by peasants was led by Emiliano Zapata; these forces together rid Diaz from power, but did not fix social problems in Mexico; military coup dismissed Madero from power and then he was assassinated
•General Victoriano Huerta attempted a dictatorship like the one Diaz ran that was backed by the large land owners, the army, and foreign companies; Zapata and Villa challenged Huerta and succeeded in 1914 when Huerta was removed from power; successful leaders now fought over rights to power; railroad lines built while Diaz ruled were now transporting lots of troops; Villa and Zapata retained power in their areas; Alvaro Obregon became leader of the government; governments tried to create strong control for rapid modernization, but instead made countries rely on foreign investments; civil war ended in Mexico in 1920; Obregon elected president in 1920; new “revolutionary elite” continued power after him; Mexico Constitution of 1917 granted land reform, promised rights of workers, limited clerical education and church ownership of property, promised educational reforms, and restricted foreign ownership on essential resources
Brazil-
•in 1929, a questioned election resulted in a brief civil war and Getulio Vargas as the new president; Vargas had guaranteed liberal reforms and ridding of the abuses of the old system; once president, Vargas started a new kind of centralized political program, while dictating federal administrators over state governments; in 1935, coups were held off by communists and in 1937 they were held off by the green-shirt fascist integralists; limited immigration and eliminated parties and groups that opposed the government; Vargas opposed Germany and Western powers in hope of getting armaments and advantageous trade agreements; joined the Allies; sent troops to Italy to fight Axis powers; Vargas operated a corporatist government, with little labor negotiations under government supervision; state controlled economy; Vargas ousted by military coup in 1945; after 5 years, he was president again and was now supportive of nationalism and a Workers’ party
Argentina-
•middle-class Radical party held power in 1920s; military coup supported by nationalists, fascist, and socialists gained power after Radicals fell in 1929; coup failed; conservative governments supported by traditional military maintained power throughout 1930s; 1943- military coup regained power; military rulers were nationalist; military rulers wanted to industrialize and modernize Argentina; Colonel Juan D Peron became a power in the government; Peron interested workers; his wife, Eva Duarte became spokesperson among lower class; alliance between workers, military, and industrialists under Peron; Peronist program was nationalistic; populist government under Peron had broader base than ever before in Argentina; democratic opposition towards Peron; Peronist party started becoming more radical and started a campaign against Catholic Church; 1955- anti-Peron party pushed him into exile; after 20 years, Peronist party banned
•Francisco Madero planned to run against Porfirio Diaz; he wanted modest democratic political reforms to lift social tensions and let government continue developing its economy with little political disturbance; Diaz did not like this and had Madero arrested; Diaz put back in power by manipulated election; Madero was let out of prison later and called for a revolt
•small farmers, cowboys, and railroaders in the north came together under Pancho Villa; in the south, a guerrilla movement by peasants was led by Emiliano Zapata; these forces together rid Diaz from power, but did not fix social problems in Mexico; military coup dismissed Madero from power and then he was assassinated
•General Victoriano Huerta attempted a dictatorship like the one Diaz ran that was backed by the large land owners, the army, and foreign companies; Zapata and Villa challenged Huerta and succeeded in 1914 when Huerta was removed from power; successful leaders now fought over rights to power; railroad lines built while Diaz ruled were now transporting lots of troops; Villa and Zapata retained power in their areas; Alvaro Obregon became leader of the government; governments tried to create strong control for rapid modernization, but instead made countries rely on foreign investments; civil war ended in Mexico in 1920; Obregon elected president in 1920; new “revolutionary elite” continued power after him; Mexico Constitution of 1917 granted land reform, promised rights of workers, limited clerical education and church ownership of property, promised educational reforms, and restricted foreign ownership on essential resources
Brazil-
•in 1929, a questioned election resulted in a brief civil war and Getulio Vargas as the new president; Vargas had guaranteed liberal reforms and ridding of the abuses of the old system; once president, Vargas started a new kind of centralized political program, while dictating federal administrators over state governments; in 1935, coups were held off by communists and in 1937 they were held off by the green-shirt fascist integralists; limited immigration and eliminated parties and groups that opposed the government; Vargas opposed Germany and Western powers in hope of getting armaments and advantageous trade agreements; joined the Allies; sent troops to Italy to fight Axis powers; Vargas operated a corporatist government, with little labor negotiations under government supervision; state controlled economy; Vargas ousted by military coup in 1945; after 5 years, he was president again and was now supportive of nationalism and a Workers’ party
Argentina-
•middle-class Radical party held power in 1920s; military coup supported by nationalists, fascist, and socialists gained power after Radicals fell in 1929; coup failed; conservative governments supported by traditional military maintained power throughout 1930s; 1943- military coup regained power; military rulers were nationalist; military rulers wanted to industrialize and modernize Argentina; Colonel Juan D Peron became a power in the government; Peron interested workers; his wife, Eva Duarte became spokesperson among lower class; alliance between workers, military, and industrialists under Peron; Peronist program was nationalistic; populist government under Peron had broader base than ever before in Argentina; democratic opposition towards Peron; Peronist party started becoming more radical and started a campaign against Catholic Church; 1955- anti-Peron party pushed him into exile; after 20 years, Peronist party banned
Economy
•world banking crisis of 1907 and 1908 cut countries off from necessary sources of capital; WWI effected Latin America’s economies; countries went through import substitution industrialization; the countries had to make food for themselves instead of what they had previously imported; most was light industry; Latin America hurt by lack of capital, restricted markers due to the little people had to spend; and low technology skills; WWI accelerated economy, but to a false start; after WWI, inflation meant working class wages declined; Brazil economy dependent on export of coffee; Peru exports based on nitrates and some agricultural products; in Argentina, industry grew along with numbers of workers; markets for Argentine products declined as it relied more on foreign investments
Religion
Society
Women-
• women after WWI continued with inequalities in workplace and politics; women could not vote until in 1929 in Ecuador and Cuba and Brazil in 1932; fear that women would become conservative power in politics was due to traditional connections of women to religion and Catholic church; women created and joined clubs to urge for voting rights and other rights; 15 bills for female voting rights were proposed in Argentina before they won in 1945; conservative groups freed women to help conservative elections in Dominican Republic; women active in Peronist party; women gained right to vote but still pushed for political equality; in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Brazil, women participation in politics is still developing; women had lower wages then men and joined labor unions; women became important part of labor force
Cultural-
• Indian populations in Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru were set free in varying ways; many cultures make up Latin America; African and Indian cultural aspects influence Latin American culture
• women after WWI continued with inequalities in workplace and politics; women could not vote until in 1929 in Ecuador and Cuba and Brazil in 1932; fear that women would become conservative power in politics was due to traditional connections of women to religion and Catholic church; women created and joined clubs to urge for voting rights and other rights; 15 bills for female voting rights were proposed in Argentina before they won in 1945; conservative groups freed women to help conservative elections in Dominican Republic; women active in Peronist party; women gained right to vote but still pushed for political equality; in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Brazil, women participation in politics is still developing; women had lower wages then men and joined labor unions; women became important part of labor force
Cultural-
• Indian populations in Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru were set free in varying ways; many cultures make up Latin America; African and Indian cultural aspects influence Latin American culture
Innovations
• poets and novelists from Latin America received worldwide acknowledgement; Modern Art Week in 1922 in Sao Paulo stressed a search for national artistic expression that mirrored Brazilian matters; social criticism in 1930s created novels which disclosed the peasantry, Indians and poor; political and social criticism remains main feature of Latin America art and literature; outbreak of literature in 1960s occurred in novels that mixed political, historical, and erotic content
Arts and Architecture
• dances are popular to Latin American culture; Argentinian tango started in lower class musical halls in the working areas of Buenos Aires; Brazilian samba is influenced by African culture; Caribbean salsa has spread across the world; Mexican artists like Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco recovered the past and highlighted a social program of the future in murals on public constructions
Near Geographic
• many countries; include- Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile; 1950 population about 165 million; grew to more than 400 million by 1985; internal migration common; by 1980s internal migration shaped by demand for jobs, cheap labor, and political refugees; illegal immigrants from Mexico to United States; rural to urban migrations
Sources
Stearns, Peter. World Civilizations. 3rd ed. New York, NY: 2003. Print.
https://www.iarf.net/REBooklet/LatinAmerica.htm
https://www.iarf.net/REBooklet/LatinAmerica.htm